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Love magic is the attempt to bind the passions of another, or to capture them as a sex object through magical means rather than through direct activity.〔Paul C. Rosenblatt, pg. 482.〕 It can be implemented in a variety of ways, such as written spells, dolls, charms, amulets, potions, or different rituals. Love magic has been a subject in the practice of magic, and in literature and art, for many centuries. It has been traced to the Greco-Roman world, the Middle Ages in Europe, and to more recent times. It is used in the story of Heracles and Deianeira, also in Richard Wagner's opera ''Tristan and Isolde'', Donizetti's ''The Elixir of Love'' (''L'Elisir d'amore''), and Manuel de Falla's ballet ''El amor brujo'' (The magic of love). ==Hellenistic love magic== Spells of erotic attraction and compulsion are found within the syncretic magic tradition of Hellenistic Greece, which incorporated Egyptian and Hebraic elements, as documented in texts such as the Greek Magical Papyri and archaeologically on amulets and other artefacts dating from the 2nd century BC (and sometimes earlier) to the late 3rd century A.D. These magical practices continued to influence private ritual in Gaul among Celtic peoples, in Roman Britain, and among Germanic peoples.〔For example, J.H.G. Grattan and Charles Singer, ''Anglo-Saxon Magic and Medicine. Illustrated Specially from the Semi-Pagan Text Lacnunga'' (Oxford University Press, 1952); Felix Grendon, ''Anglo-Saxon Charms'' (Folcroft Library, 1974), ''passim'' (mostly on Christian elements and traditional magic); Anne van Arsdall, ''Medieval Herbal Remedies: The'' Old English Herbarium ''and Anglo-Saxon Medicine'' (Routledge, 2002), (p. 52ff. ), with cautions about disentangling various strands of the magical tradition; Karen Louise Jolly, “Locating the Charms: Medicine, Liturgy, and Folklore,” in ''Popular Religion in Late Saxon England'' (University of North Caroline Press, 1996), (p. 96ff. )〕 Erotic magic reflected gender roles in ancient Greece and dismissed modern misconceptions about gender roles and sexuality. Christopher Faraone, a University of Chicago classics professor specializing in texts and practices pertaining to magic, distinguishes between the magic of ''eros'', as practiced by men, and the magic of ''philia'', practiced by women.〔 The two types of spells can be connected directly to the gender roles of men and women in Ancient Greece. Women used philia spells because they were dependent on their husbands. Women were powerless and used any means necessary to keep their husbands around, since men were free to leave their wives whenever they wanted. Many women resorted to philia spells to maintain their beauty and keep a peace of mind. Philia magic was used by women to keep their male companion at bay and faithful.〔For example, J.H.G. Grattan and Charles Singer, ''Anglo-Saxon Magic and Medicine. Illustrated Specially from the Semi-Pagan Text Lacnunga'' (Oxford University Press, 1952); Felix Grendon, ''Anglo-Saxon Charms'' (Folcroft Library, 1974), ''passim'' (mostly on Christian elements and traditional magic); Anne van Arsdall, ''Medieval Herbal Remedies: The'' Old English Herbarium ''and Anglo-Saxon Medicine'' (Routledge, 2002), (p. 52ff. ), with cautions about disentangling various strands of the magical tradition; Karen Louise Jolly, “Locating the Charms: Medicine, Liturgy, and Folklore,” in ''Popular Religion in Late Saxon England'' (University of North Caroline Press, 1996), (p. 96ff. )〕 Basic beliefs about sexual attitudes in Greece were dismissed by the findings in the philia love spells, potions, and rituals. The spells were not used by women to achieve sexual pleasure, but rather as a form of therapy or medicine. Women commonly used the philia spells in attempt to preserve their beauty and youth, which in effect would keep their beau faithful. Parallels can be drawn between philia spells and common medical practice by women.〔Paul C. Rosenblatt, pg. 482-7〕 Getting a face lift serves the same purpose as the philia spell. A facelift will make a woman feel desirable and inject her with youth, at least in her mind. Many women in ancient Greece used the spells as a form of therapy. Regardless if the spells actually worked or not, they made the women feel more comfortable with their situation and feel as if they have some control over what is going on. In that sense, magic functions the same way religions do. Spells and prayer share many of the same characteristics; both are used to bring peace of mind and they both invoke something spiritual to control something that is ultimately out of their hands. Eros spells were mainly practiced by men and prostitutes served a completely different function in Ancient Greece. Eros spells were used to instill lust and passion into women, leading them to fulfill the man who invoked the spells sexual desires. Without freedom, women could only hope to make their situation better, which is why they aimed at affection producing spells. Men, on the other hand, had the freedom to do what they want.〔Matthew W. Dickie, pg. 564〕 Prostitutes lived lives that were far more similar to men than women. They were financially free, could live where they chose, and were not expected to serve just one man and home. These were the only noted women to use eros magic to fulfill their sexual needs. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Love magic」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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